New York - How old is too old for an airplane?
Most travellers don't think twice about it - although there's something unsettling about easing into your seat and finding the armrest still has an ashtray built in.
But fliers may be more worried than usual after a 5-foot (1.5-metre) hole opened in the roof of a 15-year-old Southwest jet earlier this month. Southwest quickly grounded 79 of its older Boeing 737s for inspections.
A well-maintained plane can fly for decades. Older planes do need more repairs, but experts say an aircraft's age has never been the cause of a passenger death. Pilot training and fatigue, as well as frequency of aircraft maintenance, are larger safety issues.
The average age of jets flown by US airlines is 11 years, slightly above the world average of 10 but far shy of the 28 for Venezuela's fleet - the oldest of any country with more than a handful of jets.
Theoretically, a jet could continue flying indefinitely as long as an airline maintained it, says Bill Voss, president and CEO of the Flight Safety Foundation. The costs would eventually be prohibitive, though. Deciding when to mothball an airplane is usually a matter of the economics of the individual airline.
Older planes need more frequent inspections, and bigger and costlier repairs. That means less time in the sky carrying paying passengers. Besides being cheaper to maintain, newer planes offer substantial fuel savings, and passengers enjoy features like personal TVs.
“Aircraft become impractical a long time before they become unsafe,” Voss says.
Nearly one out of every four planes flown today by US airlines is more than 15 years old. That's about the same share as a decade ago, according to aviation consulting firm Ascend. The government requires more frequent inspections as an airplane or certain parts get older. The Federal Aviation Administration doesn't set a mandatory retirement age for planes.
Age isn't the only factor when it comes to safety. Each take-off and landing cycle - and the pressurisation and depressurisation associated with it - adds stress to the skin of the plane. Aircraft that fly short, frequent routes go through more of these cycles than planes flying long distances. In 1988, a 19-year-old Aloha Airlines Boeing 737-200 that had made frequent, short hops among the Hawaiian islands lost a large part of its roof. Corrosion and metal fatigue were to blame.
On April 1, a Southwest Boeing 737-300 with 118 people on board rapidly lost cabin pressure just after take-off from Phoenix after the plane's fuselage ruptured, causing a 5-foot(1.5-meter) tear. Passengers reached for oxygen masks as the pilots quickly brought the plane down to an altitude with more oxygen in the air before making an emergency landing at an Arizona military base.
No one was seriously injured. While the incident is still being investigated, the jet had been pressurised and depressurised 39,000 times in its 15 years and metal fatigue is suspected. Cracks were subsequently found on five other Southwest jets with more than 30,000 cycles.
That came as a shock to the industry. Boeing engineers had forecast that the planes wouldn't need to be inspected for metal fatigue until at least 60,000 cycles.
“It reminds us that as much we know about metal structures, we haven't figured it all out yet,” Voss says.
Flying is the safest form of public transportation. John M. Cox, an aviation safety consultant and former commercial pilot, says regulators do a good job of making sure airlines perform proper maintenance.
“A '55 Chevy in the right hands could go hundreds of thousands of miles,” he says.
But that isn't much comfort to some passengers. After all, if the Chevy breaks down, you simply pull off to the side of the road.
Emily Kahn of Portland, Oregon, says she now does more research before booking a flight and is willing to pay more for a newer model of plane.
“When the magazine rack in front of me is falling apart, it's not the best feeling in the world,” Kahn says. “It makes me think they aren't spending enough time inspecting this plane.”
Of the 5,363 jets used by US airlines today, almost 1,300 are more than 15 years old and 235 of them were built before 1988, the year the government banned smoking on most domestic flights.
At least one site, airfare watchdog.com, provided travellers this week with instructions on how to find the type of plane assigned to a route. “If you have a choice, why not go with a newer model?” founder George Hobica says.
Passengers can check the make and model of a plane by entering the flight number on sites such as flightaware.com and flightstats.com. The airlines also usually provide that information on their websites. However, aircraft can be changed at the last minute. And none of the sites specify the age or maintenance history of a specific plane.
Some airlines have much younger fleets than others. Virgin America, which only started service in August 2007, is flying planes that average just 3.4 years. Allegiant Air, which bought Maryland-80s once flown by Aeromexico and SAS Scandinavian Airlines, has an average fleet age of 21.5 years.
Ascend aviation analyst Andy Golub notes that Allegiant picked up its used jets for bargain prices, meaning the company has plenty of cash on hand.
“They have more than enough money to make sure that those aircraft are superbly maintained,” Golub says.
Even within an airline, there can be big differences. Delta Air Lines has an average fleet age of 16 years. Its 737-700s average less than two years old. But it also has more than 30 D.C.-9s that date back to the 1970s. They are the oldest commercial passenger planes flown today by a US airline. Delta plans to retire those jets next year.
Not even new planes have spotless safety records, of course. The last two US fatal airline crashes - a Continental Express flight to Buffalo, New York, and a Delta Connection flight out of Kentucky - were both on relatively new planes, one and five years old respectively. - Sapa-AP