The impact of automation on air traffic controllers: a study from UCT

A recent study from the University of Cape Town (UCT) has unveiled concerning insights into the intersection of automation and the vital role of air traffic controllers, casting light on legislative and procedural shortcomings in this highly regulated field.

Conducted by Dr Cindy Hendrikse as part of her PhD thesis, the research delves into how increasing dependence on automated systems can jeopardise both controller performance and overall aviation safety.

The study, aptly titled “The Impact of Air Traffic Management Automation on the Human Performance of Air Traffic Controllers in Aviation Law," underscores that international and European Union (EU) legislation, as well as local laws, inadequately support the practical challenges faced by air traffic controllers. Notably, Dr Hendrikse’s research was propelled by her unique combination of expertise in both air traffic control and aviation law, allowing her to bridge the gap between regulatory frameworks and frontline operational realities.

“From surveys, air traffic controllers reported issues such as becoming overly trusting of automated systems, feeling increased workload when those systems fail, a loss of manual skills and adhering to procedures even when they aren’t always accurate,” Dr Hendrikse explained, highlighting the study's key findings. As automation and artificial intelligence (AI) permeate the air traffic management sector, her research comprehensively assesses whether existing laws account for the human aspect within a technology-driven context.

Dr Hendrikse commenced her studies at UCT in 2022 after acquiring an Advanced LL.M International Air and Space Law from the University of Leiden, the Netherlands. Her research employed a multidisciplinary approach, analysing relevant legislation alongside human factors research. Surveys conducted among air traffic controllers revealed a disconnect between operational experiences and the existing legal framework.

Dr Hendrikse’s findings reveal a troubling trend of complacency among air traffic controllers, as they sometimes become overly reliant on automation at the expense of their manual skills. “Automation failures were found to increase air traffic controllers’ workload,” she asserted, noting that none of the study participants could identify any current AI applications in air traffic management, leading to widespread distrust in its capacity for independent decision-making.

The core aim of her research was clear: to advocate for a comprehensive alignment of automated systems, governing legislation, and air traffic control operational procedures to enhance the efficacy and reliability of air traffic controllers.

“This alignment,” according to Dr Hendrikse, “will significantly enhance ATCs’ performance and trust in automation and AI, thereby increasing safety in an increasingly technology-driven environment.”